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ISACA CCOA 考試大綱：

主題	簡介
主題 1	Cybersecurity Principles and Risk: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cybersecurity Specialist and covers core cybersecurity principles and risk management strategies. It includes assessing vulnerabilities, threat analysis, and understanding regulatory compliance frameworks. The section emphasizes evaluating risks and applying appropriate measures to mitigate potential threats to organizational assets.
主題 2	Technology Essentials: This section of the exam measures skills of a Cybersecurity Specialist and covers the foundational technologies and principles that form the backbone of cybersecurity. It includes topics like hardware and software configurations, network protocols, cloud infrastructure, and essential tools. The focus is on understanding the technical landscape and how these elements interconnect to ensure secure operations.
主題 3	Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cybersecurity Analyst and covers the tactics, techniques, and procedures used by adversaries to compromise systems. It includes identifying methods of attack, such as phishing, malware, and social engineering, and understanding how these techniques can be detected and thwarted.
主題 4	Securing Assets: This section of the exam measures skills of a Cybersecurity Specialist and covers the methods and strategies used to secure organizational assets. It includes topics like endpoint security, data protection, encryption techniques, and securing network infrastructure. The goal is to ensure that sensitive information and resources are properly protected from external and internal threats.
主題 5	Incident Detection and Response: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cybersecurity Analyst and focuses on detecting security incidents and responding appropriately. It includes understanding security monitoring tools, analyzing logs, and identifying indicators of compromise. The section emphasizes how to react to security breaches quickly and efficiently to minimize damage and restore operations.

最新的 Cybersecurity Audit CCOA 免費考試真題 (Q21-Q26):

問題 #21
What is the GREATEST security concern associated with virtual (nation technology?

A. Shared network access
B. Missing patch management for the technology
C. Insufficient isolation between virtual machines (VMs)
D. Inadequate resource allocation

答案：C

解題說明：
The greatest security concern associated withvirtualization technologyis theinsufficient isolation between VMs.
* VM Escape:An attacker can break out of a compromised VM to access the host or other VMs on the same hypervisor.
* Shared Resources:Hypervisors manage multiple VMs on the same hardware, making it critical to maintain strong isolation.
* Hypervisor Vulnerabilities:A flaw in the hypervisor can compromise all hosted VMs.
* Side-Channel Attacks:Attackers can exploit shared CPU cache to leak information between VMs.
Incorrect Options:
* A. Inadequate resource allocation:A performance issue, not a primary security risk.
* C. Shared network access:Can be managed with proper network segmentation and VLANs.
* D. Missing patch management:While important, it is not unique to virtualization.
Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:
Refer to Chapter 6, Section "Virtualization Security," Subsection "Risks and Threats" - Insufficient VM isolation is a critical concern in virtual environments.

問題 #22
Which of the following can be used to identity malicious activity through a take user identity?

A. Honey account
B. Indicator of compromise (IoC)
C. Multi-factor authentication (MFA)
D. Honeypot

答案：A

解題說明：
Ahoney accountis adecoy user accountset up to detectmalicious activity, such as:
* Deception Techniques:The account appears legitimate to attackers, enticing them to use it.
* Monitoring Usage:Any interaction with the honey account triggers an alert, indicating potential compromise.
* Detection of Credential Theft:If attackers attempt to use the honey account, it signals possible credential leakage.
* Purpose:Specifically designed toidentify malicious activitythrough themisuse of seemingly valid accounts.
Other options analysis:
* A. Honeypot:A decoy system or network, not specifically an account.
* C. Indicator of compromise (IoC):Represents evidence of an attack, not a decoy mechanism.
* D. Multi-factor authentication (MFA):Increases authentication security, but does not detect malicious use directly.
CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition References:
* Chapter 6: Threat Detection and Deception:Discusses the use of honey accounts for detecting unauthorized access.
* Chapter 8: Advanced Threat Intelligence:Highlights honey accounts as a proactive detection technique.

問題 #23
An attacker has exploited an e-commerce website by injecting arbitrary syntax that was passed to and executed by the underlying operating system. Which of the following tactics did the attacker MOST likely use?

A. Insecure direct object reference
B. Command injection
C. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Injection
D. Injection

答案：B

解題說明：
The attack described involvesinjecting arbitrary syntaxthat isexecuted by the underlying operating system
, characteristic of aCommand Injectionattack.
* Nature of Command Injection:
* Direct OS Interaction:Attackers input commands that are executed by the server's OS.
* Vulnerability Vector:Often occurs when user input is passed to system calls without proper validation or sanitization.
* Examples:Using characters like ;, &&, or | to append commands.
* Common Scenario:Exploiting poorly validated web application inputs that interact with system commands (e.g., ping, dir).
Other options analysis:
* B. Injection:Targets databases, not the underlying OS.
* C. LDAP Injection:Targets LDAP directories, not the OS.
* D. Insecure direct object reference:Involves unauthorized access to objects through predictable URLs, not OS command execution.
CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition References:
* Chapter 8: Web Application Attacks:Covers command injection and its differences from i.
* Chapter 9: Input Validation Techniques:Discusses methods to prevent command injection.

問題 #24
The CISO has received a bulletin from law enforcementauthorities warning that the enterprise may be at risk ofattack from a specific threat actor. Review the bulletin named CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf on the Desktop.
Which of the following domain name(s) from the CCOAThreat Bulletin.pdf was contacted between 12:10 AMto 12:12 AM (Absolute) on August 17, 2024?

答案：

解題說明：
See the solution in Explanation.
Explanation:
Step 1: Understand the Objective
Objective:
* Identify thedomain name(s)that werecontactedbetween:
12:10 AM to 12:12 AM on August 17, 2024
* Source of information:
CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
* File location:
~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
Step 2: Prepare for Investigation
2.1: Ensure Access to the File
* Check if the PDF exists:
ls ~/Desktop | grep "CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf"
* Open the file to inspect:
xdg-open ~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf
* Alternatively, convert to plain text for easier analysis:
pdftotext ~/Desktop/CCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf ~/Desktop/threat_bulletin.txt cat ~/Desktop/threat_bulletin.txt
2.2: Analyze the Content
* Look for domain names listed in the bulletin.
* Make note ofany domainsorURLsmentioned as IoCs (Indicators of Compromise).
* Example:
suspicious-domain.com
malicious-actor.net
threat-site.xyz
Step 3: Locate Network Logs
3.1: Find the Logs Directory
* The logs could be located in one of the following directories:
/var/log/
/home/administrator/hids/logs/
/var/log/httpd/
/var/log/nginx/
* Navigate to the likely directory:
cd /var/log/
ls -l
* Identify relevant network or DNS logs:
ls -l | grep -E "dns|network|http|nginx"
Step 4: Search Logs for Domain Contacts
4.1: Use the Grep Command to Filter Relevant Timeframe
* Since we are looking for connections between12:10 AM to 12:12 AMonAugust 17, 2024:
grep "2024-08-17 00:1[0-2]" /var/log/dns.log
* Explanation:
* grep "2024-08-17 00:1[0-2]": Matches timestamps between00:10and00:12.
* Replace dns.log with the actual log file name, if different.
4.2: Further Filter for Domain Names
* To specifically filter out the domains listed in the bulletin:
grep -E "(suspicious-domain.com|malicious-actor.net|threat-site.xyz)" /var/log/dns.log
* If the logs are in another file, adjust the file path:
grep -E "(suspicious-domain.com|malicious-actor.net|threat-site.xyz)" /var/log/nginx/access.log Step 5: Correlate Domains and Timeframe
5.1: Extract and Format Relevant Results
* Combine the commands to get time-specific domain hits:
grep "2024-08-17 00:1[0-2]" /var/log/dns.log | grep -E "(suspicious-domain.com|malicious-actor.net|threat- site.xyz)"
* Sample Output:
2024-08-17 00:11:32 suspicious-domain.com accessed by 192.168.1.50
2024-08-17 00:12:01 malicious-actor.net accessed by 192.168.1.75
* Interpretation:
* The command revealswhich domain(s)were contacted during the specified time.
Step 6: Verification and Documentation
6.1: Verify Domain Matches
* Cross-check the domains in the log output against those listed in theCCOA Threat Bulletin.pdf.
* Ensure that the time matches the specified range.
6.2: Save the Results for Reporting
* Save the output to a file:
grep "2024-08-17 00:1[0-2]" /var/log/dns.log | grep -E "(suspicious-domain.com|malicious-actor.net|threat- site.xyz)" > ~/Desktop/domain_hits.txt
* Review the saved file:
cat ~/Desktop/domain_hits.txt
Step 7: Report the Findings
Final Answer:
* Domain(s) Contacted:
* suspicious-domain.com
* malicious-actor.net
* Time of Contact:
* Between 12:10 AM to 12:12 AM on August 17, 2024
* Reasoning:
* Matched thelog timestampsanddomain nameswith the threat bulletin.
Step 8: Recommendations:
* Immediate Block:
* Add the identified domains to theblockliston firewalls and intrusion detection systems.
* Monitor for Further Activity:
* Keep monitoring logs for any further connection attempts to the same domains.
* Perform IOC Scanning:
* Check hosts that communicated with these domains for possible compromise.
* Incident Report:
* Document the findings and mitigation actions in theincident response log.

問題 #25
The Platform as a Service (PaaS) model is often used to support which of the following?

A. Local on-premise management of products and services
B. Subscription-based pay peruse applications
C. Efficient application development and management
D. Control over physical equipment running application developed In-house

答案：C

解題說明：
The Platform as a Service (PaaS) model is primarily designed to provide a platform that supports the development, testing, deployment, and management of applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the underlying infrastructure. It offers developers a comprehensive environment with tools and libraries for application development, database management, and more.
* PaaS solutions typically include development frameworks, application hosting, version control, and integration capabilities.
* It abstracts the hardware and operating system layer, allowing developers to focus solely on building applications.
* PaaS is typically used for creating and managing web or mobile applications efficiently.
Incorrect Options:
* B. Local on-premise management of products and services:PaaS is a cloud-based model, not on- premise.
* C. Subscription-based pay per use applications:This characteristic aligns more with the Software as a Service (SaaS) model.
* D. Control over physical equipment running application developed In-house:This corresponds to Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) rather than PaaS.
Exact Extract from CCOA Official Review Manual, 1st Edition:
Refer to Chapter 3, Section "Cloud Service Models", Subsection "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" - PaaS is designed to facilitate efficient application development and management by offering integrated environments for application lifecycle management.

問題 #26
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